La rivista e il marketplace globale per gli appassionati di auto d’epoca, creati da appassionati.
La rivista e il marketplace globale per gli appassionati di auto d’epoca, creati da appassionati.
Today's article is about a thing I find on many cars: wrong or slightly wrong timing on the magneto (or battery ignition, but I mostly fettle with magnetos so I will concentrate on that).
I always find that if a car is not running correctly, it’s best to first look at the ignition for correct timing and adjustment because these are the simplest problems that often give fast results. I want to explain how to simply adjust the magneto to the more-or-less correct timing (enough to run a car) and how to fine-tune it to perfect adjustment. First you need to know a few basic principles:
1. Never turn a magneto without having a spark gap on the high-tension leads, or a spark bridge in general on the magneto. When the magneto is turned, it induces a high voltage. This voltage needs to be able to arc somewhere. Many magnetos have spark bridges. This is an internal parts with a large enough gap to the distributor that it can arc there, but won’t arc there when a spark plug (with a smaller gap) is attached.
If it’s not equipped with a spark bridge, then always have HT leads and a spark plug attached. Otherwise, the arc wants to jump the windings of the magneto and this will damage the winding insulation, causing premature failure.
2. Make sure your spark plugs have a gap of about 0,4mm and the breaker points have about the same. It’s not a very critical dimension if your magneto is in top condition, but the weaker it gets, the harder it becomes for the spark to jump larger gaps.
3. If the plug sparks at atmospherical pressure (outside the cylinder) this doesn’t mean it sparks under full cylinder pressure. I always test under 8 bar pressure in a testing device, which shows much better if it sparks correctly.
Having all the basic settings correct, and knowing the magneto fires correctly, the next step is engine timing. First thing is making sure that you know the firing order. The easiest way to find this out is looking at the valves. Starting on cylinder 1, look at the moment where the exhaust closes and inlet opens (both valves move at the same time). Then look which cylinder does this next and so forth. On a 4 cylinder, this is 1-3-4-2 most of the times, but not always.
Next, set the engine to the cylinder 1 firing moment. This is approximately 1 full rotation of the crankhandle (when equipped) away from the moment both valves move. Most engines will have a marking on the flywheel or another place on the crankshaft (front pulley for example) that marks this exact point. If there is no marking, I set the crankshaft at exactly TDC with both valves closed and mark that point on the flywheel or the pulley. If there is no spark advance on your magneto, you want to be a bit early before TDC not exactly at the point.
Now you set the magneto, still on the workbench, to point to the cylinder that has the no.1 HT lead, and in the rotation direction of the magneto, you add the other HT leads in the firing order. (watch out, the distributor turns in opposite direction to the magneto drive because of the 1:2 gear reduction). (photo 2)
Last thing you do is fully retard the magneto if it’s equipped with spark advance (if not equipped there is nothing to set). And slowly turn the magneto to the point where the rotor still points to the no.1 cylinder and the contact points JUST start opening. This can be done by eyesight, with an electronic aid or simply with a thin piece of paper as feeler gauge (cigarette paper for example). You will feel a little spring tension at this point, that is normal. {afbeelding contactpunten}
I always mark this point at the front drive of the magneto with a marker, because that’s much easier to see when mounting the magneto.
Now make sure the marking stays in that place, and if you have the engine in its correct position, you can mount the magneto like this. Sometimes, you can adjust the magneto in any way possible, for example with a Simms-wheel or with a clamp on the engine shaft. Sometimes a gear in the distributor has to be turned to adjust the magneto position (in my experience mostly found on American cars).
Once you can line up the magneto on its point and the engine on its point and you fit the HT leads, the engine should start easily. If you have spark advance, you can now advance it to the point it runs best at speed.
Next week, I want to talk about fine-tuning this method and adjusting it with a timing lamp.
If you have any questions, please add to the comments.
Article by Jos van Genugten
This artical was originally published on: April 14, 2021
It is not only the problem of the correct timing but also of the condition of the magneto. The strength of the magnet is a factor, but so is the condition of the capacitor and coil. The capacitor, in combination with the coil, creates a resonant circuit when the contacts are opened. The Q-factor of this resonance circuit has a frequency of 30 Mhz, which means that we actually see one spark, but there are actually three to five in a row. Now the quality of the capacitor is very important. This must be tested for capacitor value (uF) and leakage resistance; the best is infinitely high. Measure with an ohmmeter that has a high range. You can see this by squeezing the measuring pins and it gives another value. Then give the capacitor a DC voltage of 700-800 volts. If you then touch the measuring leads to the capacitor again after a few seconds, it should no longer crackle. Often the shellac wires have wrap closure especially on the high voltage side. The coil can be tested by using it as a coil in combination with the contact point and capacitor of a power distributor in the lathe or with a drill.
If the magnet is good and we slowly turn the shaft, we will feel a heavier torque when the points open. This is not by the feather, but by Lenz's law, that he opposes the cause of its creation (see Google).
This phenomenon can be checked by putting a piece of cardboard between the contact points and turning it again and then feel the heavier torque has disappeared.
Many problems are caused by heat in the magnet. The condenser is leaking. As long as the engine is running it is still fine, but after a short stop it cannot be started again. The old mica capacitors are often still good. The following series were paper in oil. The oil gets old and the condenser leaks and leaks even more when it gets hot. These are easy to replace with the modern generation of capacitors which are much smaller.
If you can follow the story, the ignition of the automobile is quite interesting.
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Dag Jos. Ik heb het artikel gelezen en een enkele reactie. In de foto staat een foute draairichting van de contactpuntplaat. Zoals ik kan zien is het een foto van een RB 10/4 magnato. Deze draait recht om maar kijk je aan de kant van het contactpunt is de draairichting links om. Ook zie je aan de foto en het contactpunt dat het slepend moet zijn dus links om. Ik heb twee RB 10/4 magneto in gebruik en een aantal in reserve. Door de problemen met deze oude dingen ben ik ze gaan demonteren en het nodige geleerd. Ik ben nu zo ver dat ik er vier heb nieuw gewikkeld en deze doen het goed.
Het is niet alleen het probleem van de juiste timing maar ook van de conditie van de magneto. De sterkte van de magneet is een factor maar ook de conditie van de condensator en spoel. De condensator maakt in combinatie met de spoel een resonantie kring bij het openen van de contacten. De Q factor van deze resonantie kring heeft een frequentie van 30 Mhz, dat betekend dat we in feite 1 vonk zien maar het zijn er eigenlijk 3-5 na elkaar Nu is de kwaliteit van de condensator zeer belangrijk. Deze moet getest worden op condensator waarde ( uF ) en lek weerstand, het beste is oneindig hoog. Meten met een Ohm meter die een hoog bereik heeft. Dit zie je door in de meetpennen te knijpen en hij nog een waarde geeft. Dan de condensator een gelijkspanning geven van 700-800 Volt. Als je dan na enkele seconden weer de meetsnoeren aan tipt op de condensator mag hij niet meer knetteren. Vaak hebben de schellak draden wikkelsluiting vooral aan de hoogspanning kant. De spoel is te testen door deze als bobine te gebruiken in combinatie het contactpunt en condensator van en stroomverdeler in de draaibank of met boormachine.
Als de magneet goed is en we langzaam aan de as draaien voelen we bij het open gaan van de punten een zwaarder draaimoment. Dit is niet door het veertje maar door de wet van LENZ, dat hij de oorzaak van zijn ontstaan tegenwerkt (Zie Google).
Dit verschijnsel is te controleren door tussen de contactpunten een stukje karton te doen en weer te draaien en voel dan het zwaardere draaimoment is verdwenen.
Veel problemen ontstaan door warmte in de magneet. De condensator gaat lekken. Zolang de motor draait gaat het nog wel goed maar na een korte stop is hij niet meer aan de gang te krijgen. De oude mica condensatoren zijn nog vaak wel goed. De daarop volgende serie waren papier in olie. De olie wordt oud en de condensator lekt en nog meer lek als hij warm wordt. Deze zijn eenvoudig te vervangen door de moderne generatie condensatoren die veel kleiner zijn.
Als je het verhaal kan volgen is de ontsteking van de automobiel best interessant te noemen.